Alex's Global Blog

Mikhail Gorbachev and the collapse of Communism

2008-05-07T06:37:00.000-07:00

Mikhail Gorbachev was a young leader with new ideas to offer for his country. Gorbachev realized that he couldnt just change things right away, he had to enforce a policy known as glasnost. Glasnost means openness. This include releasing books that were banned, freeing people from jail who did not actually do anything against the law, and the most surprising was that churches were opening. For the first time im many years, the Soviet Union was allowed its people to practice religion. With newly given freedom of speach, citizens now could share their opinions on the economic and political structure on the government. Gorbachev found out that the source of most economic problems was that the government told buisnesess what price to sell products and how much they get paid. Gorbachev now let people start their own buisnesess free from the controll of the government. He soon realize that the only way to fixthe economy completly was for Communism to lose its grip on the Soviet Union completly. Slowly by slowly starting in areas such as Poland and hungary, small reforms starty to take place and democracy slowly takes over. More events such as the fall of the Berlin wall and the unification of Germany also brings communism to its end. Eventually Communism completly collapse due to the revolutionary efforts by Mikhail Gorbachev.

Collapse of Communism

2008-05-07T04:47:00.000-07:00

There are many reasons for the collapse of Communism. Many say that it's economics and military system could never stabalize. Gorbacev was the new Communist leader. He decided to open the Soviet Union for more trade and tried to reconstruct the Soviet Union. This ended up with the collaspe of the conomy due to many communist countries abandoning dictators and adopting democratic movements. This was a major turning point in history. the Berlin Wall was finally took down and East and West Germany once again joined both economically and politically. Jobs such as farming were no longer high paying jobs and people had to start doing more modern jobs. This also ended the Cold War because the fall of Communism ment there was no longer a threat that war will start between the Soviet Union and the United States. This was a relief and a time to celebrate for many Americans.

Nelson Mandela and Apartheid

2008-05-05T05:27:00.000-07:00

Apartheid was a system that the government of the Africa used from 1948 to 1994. This system segregated blacks from whites and did not grant blacks full citizenship. Black people could not vote and many places were restricted to only one race. Blacks and whites could not have relationships with one another and were separated in schools. Africans could not vote. This caused many Africans to start a boycott. One man wished to unite blacks and whites rid Africa of Apartheid. This man is Nelson Mandela. Nelson spent 27 years in prison simply for trying to make a better life for his people, a life where they could live freely. The white South African government's plan to silent Nelson backfired. Instead Nelson's followers stood by him and continued to fight for freedom. Apartheid was soon abolished from Africa after the release of Nelson from prison and he recieved the Nobel Peace prize and was elected president of the United States within five years of his release in 1990.

African Independence

2008-04-16T05:19:00.000-07:00

Africa fought hard to win it's own freedom and win its independence from Europe. When Africans returned home from WWII they refused to still be apart of the British colonies. Both the Europeans and the Africans fought in WWII to win their freedom, so why should they return home to see that they are still being ruled by the Europeans? The British let more Africans be nominated to the legislative council but this was not what the Africans wanted. They wanted a chance to have their own electives and the freedom to rule their own countries. Kwame Nkrumah studied the United States and felt that Africans should have the same freedom. Nkrumah started to organized boycotts. The British government felt threatened and put Nkrumah on trial for going against the British empire. After many years he was found not guilty. Even thought he won the trials he was thrown in jail many times. This did not stop him from trying to gain freedom for his people. The British empire finally came to a economical conclusion that Africa should have its independence. Nkrumah spent many years as the president of Africa and is still living today.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

2008-04-03T12:01:00.000-07:00

The horror of a nuclear war never came closer than during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Photos were taken from a plane that showed Cuba building nuclear bombs. This was on October 15, 1962. Long debates on weather or not the U.S. should invade Cuba went on for days. On October 27, Cuba demanded nuclear U.S. missiles to be taken out of Turkey in exchange for the Soviet missiles in Cuba. Just one day later, people start to cool down after hearing that Cuba would return the missiles to the Soviets. This meant that they were putting a great deal of trust into the U.S. President John F. kennedy honored their trust and the crisis was over.

NATO and The Warsaw Pact

2008-04-01T05:13:00.000-07:00

NATO is a group of countries in North America and Europe that formed an alliance with one another. If one NATO country was attacked, all NATO countries would come to that countries aid to help them. This also allowed Russia to recover after WWII. The Soviets were becoming an increasing threat towards the NATO. The military of the Soviets were becoming just as powerful as the Western Powers. This made many Europeans members start to doubt weather the U.S. would defend them if they were attacked by the soviets. As the U.S. was fighting a war in Vietnam, Europeans were afraid that the soviets were building up their military force. NATO managed to prevent getting attacked by the soviets although communist governments were forming in the alliances.

The Soviet Union and its satellite countries formed a organization of their own called the Warsaw Pact. This was created in response to the NATO. Warsaw was a attempt to strengthen the soviet's control over satellite countries. This was a organization where all the communist countries united. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union made up the Warsaw pact. East Germany got out of the pact to join West Germany and unite once again. The USSR started to withdraw troops to aid other countries part of the Warsaw pact. With only six countries left in the Warsaw pact, the organization soon decided to disband.

Film Lesson: "The Right Stuff"

2008-03-31T05:32:00.000-07:00

This film showed the competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.. Americans lived in fear that the Joseph Stalin would try to spread communism across the world. The U.S. felt it had the advantage after they dropped the atomic bomb because they were the first country to have a atomic bomb. This glory did not last long, soon the Russians made even more powerful bombs called hydrogen bombs (H-bomb). The Americans then made H-bombs of their own. The Russians then made the first satalite to go into space, this start the competition of the astronauts. We put a monkey into space and they put a human. We were determined to get ahead of the Russians. We put a group of astronauts into space who became American heroes, which is what "The Rights Stuff" is about. We eventually got ahead of the game by being the first to put a man on the moon.

Film Lesson: "Schindler's List"

2008-03-20T05:19:00.000-07:00

"Schindler's List illustrated how horrible the Holocaust really was. Jews were treated inhumanely and killed by the millions. They moved all Jews poor and rich into ghettos. Jews were forced to live in small crowded buildings. One of the more powerful scenes for me was when the children were separated from their parents just to be killed because they wanted to kill the next generation of Jews. Many Jews hoped to be put in labor camps because it was the best chance they had at living. Auschwitiz was the one place where Jews felt that they would live. Schindler did not let many of his workers get killed. The pictures of the killing of Jews for no reason at all will never leave my mind. Schindler knew that there was no justice to the killing of the Jews, he tried to save as many Jews as he could.

Film Lesson: "Night and Fog"

2008-03-20T05:15:00.000-07:00

"Night and Fog" showed just how inhumane the jews were treated. Im sure many people were surprised to find out how serious the holocaust really was. This is one of the worst cases of genocide of all time and it was done in such orginized manor, as if the nazis truly felt they were making a better world. "Schindler's List" was a more hollywood version of the holocaust and some of the events were not true, but for the most part it showed a good historical demonstration on the everyday hardships the jews had to face. "Night and Fog" showed more effectively just how harsh the jews were treated but "Shindler's List" showed how much they had to go through for mant years. Both of these films give a deep understanding to what it was like to be jewish back then and made me feel that such things should of never happened and should never happen again.

The Treaty of Versailles (Ended WWI)

2008-02-13T20:21:00.000-08:00

The Treaty of Versailles was thought of as many as what caused WWII. Germany lost WWI and was blamed and punished for it. They were forced to pay millions to other countries and lost many resources and land. When the United States stop loaning Germany money, nearly 30% of Germany got unemployed. All hope seemed lost and the German people were looking for a leader to bring Germany back into power. This is when Adolf Hitler got the attention of the German public, he promised to give Germany more living space and bring them back into power. What the German people did not know was that Hitler had plans of his own to dominate the world. The people were so desperate for a new leader that they looked right through Hitler's true plans. Hitler did make Germany more stable, and helped the economy greatly. The more he helped Germany, the more the German people wanted him to have power. This is when facism got involved, and the Hitler started his rampage which resulted in WWII. This is why many historians thinks that the Treaty of Versailles caused WWII.

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) and the modernization of Turkey

2008-02-11T05:08:00.000-08:00

Mustafa Kemal was one of the first leaders ever to separate religion from government and educational affairs. Ataturk felt that no person, group, or religion was any better then the other. His goal was to make every citizen equally important and that they should work hard everyday to feel united with their country. Ataturk saw the peasants as the true rulers, so he let woman vote in 1934. Kemalism is much like daily life in the United States. This was a revolution that not only modernized Turkey but let the world see how a country can be ruled with fairness, happiness, and in the best interest of the people. It did not matter what religion or race you were, and it did not matter what you practiced, Ataturk made a society where all could peacefully live together in a free world.

Film Lesson "Gandhi"

2008-02-08T05:06:00.000-08:00

Gandhi used many methods to help his nation of India gain independence from India. He was most famous for his non-violence ways. He even fasted when he saw his followers using violence, violence ended almost entirely after he fasted Gandhi believed that if they did not fight back, then the British empire would be the ones who look bad. Gandhi told all his followers to make their own cloth and to burn all British cloth. It became a common sight to see a Indian making their own cloth. Many looked up to Gandhi as a new hope for freedom. Gandhi was not just a politician, he was one of them. Gandhi told his followers to boycott all British goods and to only buy Indian goods. He also marched on the beach collecting salt with his followers. It was very important to have salt in order to live in such heat. The British soldiers used violence and hit the Indians with clubs.

Gandhi was put in jail many times to try to prevent him from leading his followers. This did not stop his followers from making their own salt and cloth and from boycotting the British. Gandhi was taken to the round table conference to discuss the independence of India. Independence was finally rewarded to India and was greatly sue to Gandhi. I believe that the independence of India was greatly due to the actions of Gandhi. I also think that even without Gandhi's help, India would have most likely won it own independence sooner or later because history has proved that when the governed does not agree with the government, the government is usually to fall. In this case one man helped trigger a non-violence fight against the government and helped an entire nation gain independence.

Joseph Stalin and Totalitarianism

2008-01-11T05:15:00.000-08:00

Totalitarianism is when the government controls almost every aspect of public and private behavior. Stalin used Totalitarianism to rule the Soviet Union by killing anyone who were a enemy of the party. Stalin executed nearly half of the entire communist party including the very people who got him into power. Stalin had a "Five Year Plan" for the purpose of making the Soviet Union a major industrial power in five years time. This came at a huge price, workers were forced to work 16-18 hours a day and working conditions were not safe. Stalin became very paranoid during the "Five Year Plan". He killed anyone who rivaled him in political power and it became clear that Stalin was not killing enemies of the party but the party itself. Stalin made atheism the official policy and executed all priests or forced them to work. There was no freedom at all and not even any religion. Living conditions were better and unemployment was down but this did not make up for the 40,000 plus deaths and forcing religion away from the people.

Film Lesson: Doctor Zhivago

2008-01-10T05:36:00.000-08:00

Dr. Zhivago did not like the way the Czar was treating the people. The Czar was killing all who opposed him and many were starving. Many people were dieing in war. Dr. Zhivago wanted a change in the government which is why he supported the revolution. At first, Zhivago thought that the revolution was a great idea for a new form of government. Russian people wanted a change because they were sick of the way the Czar unfairly treated people and sick of all the people dieing in war. Soldiers started to ignore their generals in the battlefields and just walked home, this was the start of the revolution. A civil war among the communist and non-communist was created. The communist won the war and soon took over the government. Dr. Zhivago now knows the full extent of the communist government when he came home and saw that his house and all his property was being shared among strangers. He did not like what was going on and thats when he realized that communism was not going to work.

The Russian Revolution

2008-01-10T05:19:00.000-08:00

The Czar was not treating everyone fairly and many were starving. When Russia went into WWI, it showed how weak the Czar's military was. Soldiers were dieing by mass numbers each day and they soon they started to just ignore their generals and walk home. This was the start of the Revolution. More and more people started abandoning the battlefields and joined the fight for Communism. Communism appealed to many people because there would no longer be a ruler such as the Czar again, instead the workers would control the government and everything would be shared among everyone equally no matter what your job is. This means that there will be no middle class or upper class, there will just be one class where everyone gets the same money and property. A civil war between communist and non-communist was formed. The communist won the war and took over the Russian government. The communist succeeded in creating a communist country.

Causes of WWI

2008-01-04T05:09:00.000-08:00

WWI had many different causes. Nationalism was the cause of the rivalry between the countries. Countries competed with each other in making weapons for war because they didn't want other countries getting too far ahead of them. Each country wanted to expand their land and with Germany having the most power, many countries felt threaten by Germany's goals of taking over countries from all around the world. A German chancellor named Bismarck made the alliance system which included The amount of weapons in the military each country had increased each year. With so many new weapons being made and strong nationalism between countries caused many countries to feel that they must be ready for war at any moment. Years went by and countries were just waiting for a reason to strike. The assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand and his wife gave reason for Austria-Hungary to give an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia refused the ultimatum and soon Austria-Hungary waged war against Serbia. Allies of both Serbia and Austria-Hungary joined in the war ans soon became a four vs. four country war. The assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand is known as the trigger for WWI.

The Opium Wars

2007-12-17T17:47:00.000-08:00

The Opium Wars was a battle between Britain and the Chinese. The Chinese had all the resources they needed but the British wanted to trade with them because they needed some of their resources. The Chinese unfairly traded little of their resources for many of the British resources. The British were determined to find a product the CHinese could use. They discovered the the Chinese doctors used opium to stop pain. The British started trading the opium with the Chinese. The Chinese soon found out that opium is also a addiciting drug that harms your body. The Chinese Emperor wrote a letter to Britain telling them to stop trade and that it is unfair that they allow opium in China but not their own country. China got no responce from the letter so they decided to wage war against Britain to stop opium trade. This is why The Opium Wars has it's name. The Chinese stood no chance against the technology of the British such as their well built boats and their cannons. They lost the almaost as soon as it started. China was starting to fall apart, people did not trust their Emperor anymore because many were starting. The opium trades did stop eventually but it is unclear as to why.

"The White Man's Burden"

2007-12-12T05:10:00.001-08:00

The "White Man's Burden" is the idea that it is the responsibility of a country to share their advanced civilization with the rest of the world by force because they are the best civilization in the world. This is a very racist way of thinking and there is no doubt that the author of this poem was a imperialist. This justified imperialism by saying it was their responsibility to "help" other countries by forcing them to change their entire culture. The actual taking over of the country and forcing them to do labor and take their natural resources is not a burden at all. The only "Burden" according to the author is to make them realize how much better his race is to their race and that they should do things the way his civilization does and forget everything about their own. This racist attitude was common among people of this era and they truly felt that to make the world better, they had to share their ways of doing things with the world even if it was done by force.

"The Scrample for Africa"

2007-12-05T05:03:00.000-08:00

"The Scramble for Africa" describes nations competing with each other to gain land of Africa. The France had the most African land. Britain also had a large percent of the land. Germany had the third most land. Very little land was independent because of how fast the Europeans were taking over Africa's land. This gave Africa borders but was extremely unfair to the African people because they did not even ask for their permission. These nations were looking for natural resources in Africa such as rubber from rubber trees and much more. A tribe called Zulu did surprisingly well against the Europeans considering the advanced technology the Europeans tribe had over the Zulu. The leader of the Zulus, Shaka Zulu, teached his followers military skills and were even able to out smart the Europeans in some fights. The technology of Europe soon put a end to the Zulu but at least they proved to the Europeans that they can organize and be civilized when they must. Soon all of Africa was under other nation's control and was done fast and easily due to the machine guns and other technology. This scramble among Africa effected the African people because tribes that lived together for hundreds to thousands of years were seperated and many were seperated from t\land they h\they have gre to be use to and they would have a hard time adjusting to other places.

Film Lesson: "Mountains of the Moon"

2007-12-03T05:13:00.000-08:00

The Europeans faced many hardships while trying to explore Africa. Diseases killed many Europeans and cures were not made until many years later. Tribes that lived there have never seem white people before and saw them as trespassers. These tribes would attack the Europeans and kill them. There was no way for the Europeans to control these tribes so they could explore the origins of the Nile river, unless they controlled them by force. The machine gun was built and was a primary technology advantage for the Europeans and soon became the tool that let the Europeans freely explore Africa.

The tribes of Africa were no longer a match to the force of the machine guns. The National Geographic was able to explore places on the map that were never seen before by the Europeans or the rest of the world such as the full extent of the Nile River. The Europeans easily took over Africa. The main purpose was to gain resources from their lands but they also took over their way of life. The Europeans felt they were the greatest and most advanced race in the world and felt they were doing the Africans a favor by teaching them their ways and religion. Many other nations competed with each other to gain African land, this is how Africa got it's borders.

The Meiji Restoration of Japan

2007-11-27T05:07:00.001-08:00

Matthew Perry led a group of ships to Japan to encourage open trade. He told the Japanese that if they did not open trade with them, he would force them too. Although Perry was threatening them, the Japanese were amazed by the gifts and toys that had technology that they never seen before such as the motor train. The Shogun sign the agreement with Perry without concerning the emperor which made many Shi-Shi furious. The Shi-Shi started attacking the ships, the response from the west was not turning out very well. Japan was in struggle and a teacher named Yoshida Shoen was able to find a perfect solution that would industrialize Japan forever. He tought his students to not fear or hate the barbarians (Americans) but to study them in their own land and see how they live. One of Yoshida's students grew up to be

Karl Marx and Communism.

2007-11-13T05:08:00.000-08:00

The idea of communism in the words of it's inventor (Karl Marx) is that all workers should share a common wealth in a free nation, based on your needs and not your skills. In Karl Marx's opinion, the "good guys" were the workers and the "bad guys" was the government. He wanted everyone to share equal power because history has proven that the workers have always struggled from higher up classes, such as the government. Karl Marx felt that this was needed and if the government did not obey the idea of communism, the workers of the world should unite and overthrow their government to make a communist society.
Although many countries did overthrow their government to make a communist government, it was not how Karl Marx originally wanted it to be. Karl wanted a free nation, where all shared wealth and power and none had harsh conditions in factories or in farms, but the people overthrowing the government were making a dictatorship over the country. They punished those who did not follow communism and made many people work on farms or factories, this gave a new meaning to Karl Marx's idea of communism. Communism is now thought of as a dictatorship like government that is very strict and forces the people to do things the way they want. Communism today is different then the communism that was invented by Karl Marx and goes against everything he stood for.

Karl Marx and the Industrial Revolution

2007-11-09T05:07:00.000-08:00

Karl Marx was the founder of Communism. He did not like how workers were treated in factories during the Industrial Revolution. His idea of Communism was that no matter what your job was, or what skill was needed for it, all would share common wealth in a free nation. Karl Marx wanted all the workers to be free of long hours of harsh work and free of their low wages, he wanted all to share wealth in a common society. The Industrial Revolution was the exact opposite of this and inspired him to create Communism. He felt that the workers should unite for a revolution to make a Communism society. This was ironic since there was already a revolution in the making (Industrial Revolution). Communism was born out of the Industrial Revolution. Many Countries were overthrown by Communism just as Karl Marx wished, but this backfired. The very people who fought for Communism, became a strict government that forced workers to work on farms and factories. Communism was given a new meaning, a dictatorship that forced people to do things the way they wanted and punished those who didn't, this was never in the intentions of Karl Marx.

Nationalism and the Creation of Italy

2007-10-19T05:03:00.000-07:00

Nationalism is when people feel pride in their country and the way they live their lives for their country. When you see people cheering their country's team at the Olympics, its competition between their country and the other team because they are loyal to their country. Nationalism creates a bond between all the people in that country. We all have a history of gaining our independence on the 4th of July and we all celebrate that day by seeing the fire works because that was the day our country gained freedom. We have the same culture, money, government, language, and much more that shapes our country and connects us all in a way that can only be called nationalism. My family celebrates the 4th of July every year, pay taxes to our government, and live by and support our American way of life.

In the 1800's, nationalism was starting to take a large roll. Empires were falling and nations were rising. One of the countries to rise from the fall of the empires was Italy. Before nationalism, Italy was very different from today, many people did not realize they belonged to a country and not just the town they lived in. Italy was also being ruled by foreigners. The people of Italy no longer wanted to be ruled under a foreigner who was not even from their own country, this was because many people were undertaking the idea of nationalism. A man named Giuseppe Mazzini created a nationalist group called young Italy and rebelled against these foreigners. He failed but with many more people also demanding nationalism, the people of Italy soon took their country for their own and ruled it in a nationalism society.

Simon Bolivar and Latin American Revolutions

2007-10-15T05:04:00.000-07:00

Simon Bolivar accomplished great things for South America that would forever change the way the government was treating people and bring independence to many countries. Simon started his legacy when he started to look at the ideas that came from all the great philosophers such as Rousseau and Locke but at the same time looked at Napoleon's tactics in military. He soon became amazing at controlling and organizing a military similar to Napoleon and the mind of a revolutionary thinker. He created military forces and slowly started his revolt against the Spanish rule with surprise attacks. Simon was influenced greatly by all the countries around the world that won their independence already and sometimes even gained followers while traveling through these countries.
Simon quickly became very famous after many tries of invading the northern portion of South America and was being crowned the leader of the independence movement. Finally June 24, 1821, Venezuela was freed from Spanish rule and Simon became president. After this day, he started independence movement on the rest of South America. As time went on, Simon gained much more power and had seven times the army size he had before. Simon soon had independence over Columbia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia (named after himself). A country was named after Simon for the amazing work and accomplished he done for Spain and his amazing influences.

Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

2007-09-28T05:06:00.000-07:00

The Reign of Terror was a result of the revolution, although the idea of the revolution was significant, the way the government and the people handled it at first was not. The entire point of the revolution was to have freedom and democracy for all, yet gangs were gaining power such as the "Jacobins". The Jacobins gained power in France and tried to kill anyone connected to the Old Regime by cutting their heads off with a guillotine. The Jacobins even killed the King Louis XVI. Finally someone in the government had gained control. This person was Maximilien Robespierre, but Robespierre turned out to be no better then the Jacobins themselves.
Robespierre killed everyone who was connected to the Old Regime just like the Jacobins and all he had to do was suspect that person of it and that person was dead. This Chaos was called the Reign of Terror. The government started to get scared because even members of the government were getting killed and they did not want to be the next one to get cut off by a guillotine, so they decided to overthrow Robespierre and kill him. Soon after the death of Robespierre, the government realized their mistakes and their original promise to have liberty, equality, and freedom. After a horrible start, France started to get back on its feet and created a stable democracy with a government called the directory and a general to command the army.

The French Revolution: Social Causes

2007-09-27T05:08:00.000-07:00

The three estates were Clergy, Nobles, and Peasants. The third estate (Peasants) felt used because they did all the work for their country but had to pay most of the taxis while the Nobles payed nearly nothing and the Clergy payed nearly nothing at all. When the Peasants of France heard of what the enlightenment thinkers were doing, they admired it greatly and wished for the same type of government, where all was equal and the people controlled their own government. Everything from how much King Louis XVI taxed the peasants to the way the Old Regime was laid out triggered the French Revolution, but there was no direct cause. France celebrates July,14 1789 the same way we celebrate ours on the 4th of July

Copernicus and the trial of Galileo

2007-09-11T05:14:00.000-07:00

The Scientific Revolution came forth a new theory of the universe. This new theory is called heliocentric and it means that the sun is the center of the universe. Before the scientific revolution, there was only the theory of Earth being the center of the universe which is called geocentric. Galileo used the Scientific Method to prove that geocentric was false and the sun was in fact the center of the universe. The church strongly believed in the geocentric theory and put Galileo on trial for his heliocentric beliefs. Galileo later died for his beliefs, but is thought of one of the greatest scientist of all time.

Scientific Revolution: Scientific Method

2007-09-10T05:18:00.000-07:00

The Scientific Method is the way we prove all our conclusions through studying and examining until only facts remain. Before the scientific revolution, scientist would come to conclusions before facts and belief before examination. The scientific Revolution introduced the Scientific Method and an entire new generation of science. We learned that earth is not the center of the universe and objects of different wait fall at the same speed, we would not of learned this without the Scientific Method.

Evolution vs Creation

2007-09-06T05:28:00.000-07:00

Evolution is the event of which traits are passes down from generation from generation. New species can evolve from evolution due to different needs. Creation is the study of how species were first created and not evolved from past generations. When comparing these two theory's, religion and science take different roles. Evolution is the scientific explanation to how humans came to be and for any organism for that matter, while creation is religion's theory on how humans came to be.

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2007-09-06T05:20:00.001-07:00

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